匹茲堡再興的規劃設計之功

看紐約時報周末遊匹茲堡的14張投影片
懷念請過世的哲人 Herbert Simon
先生在該市住了五十來年
所以在回憶錄中大談其建築之美
在"人工科學"中討論其城市再興的規劃設計之功

A Weekend in Pittsburgh

The city has undergone a striking renaissance from a down-and-out smokestack to a cultural oasis.

課題 Loosely Coupled Systems

我今天讀 Weick - Loosely Coupled Systems

• Karl Weick, "Educational organizations as loosely coupled systems", Administrative Science Quarterly, 21 (1976), 1-9 (part).
• "The Management of Organizational Change among Loosely Coupled Elements" (1982) by Karl Weick reprinted in his book Making Sense of the Organization (2001)
• James Douglas Orton and Karl E. Weick, Loosely Coupled Systems: A Reconceptualization, Academy of Management Review 15 (2):203-223 1990

簡短回顧Weick K E. Educational organizations as loosely coupled systems ...
它的問題是太抽象 變成多談而少研究的"比喻"


記得這 LCS曾在 Simon的論文提過
不過"管理行為"一書兩次提到他Weick 都指"心理學"參與等 其實他的最末一組織(政府)設計個案 可以從它出發嗎
我把這記下來 或許有機會進一步了解
這是組織的有限理性之限制嗎
如果是下述說法 那這是HAS 人工科學中的一小部分主題

A good working definition: loosely coupled is an attribute of systems, referring to an approach to designing interfaces across modules to reduce the interdependencies across modules or components – in particular, reducing the risk that changes within one module will create unanticipated changes within other modules. This approach specifically seeks to increase flexibility in adding modules, replacing modules and changing operations within individual modules. (Note: if any of you have come across a better definition of loosely coupled, please let me know – I’d like to follow up on this in a future blog.)

Three things stand out from this definition. First, it assumes a modular approach to design. Second, it values flexibility. Third, it seeks to increase flexibility by focusing on design of interfaces.