書評三本AI 大作(1999年)："Hello, HAL " 探討了人工智慧的未來，發現人類大腦正陷入困境。THE AGE OF SPIRITUAL MACHINES When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence.《機器人：從單純的機器到超然心靈》最好和尼爾·格申菲爾德的WHEN THINGS START TO THINK《當事物開始思考時》(媒體實驗室的廣告？)，更詳細、更深刻、解釋更清楚、文筆更引人入勝
你好，HAL 三本書探討了人工智慧的未來，並發現人類大腦正陷入困境。
January 3, 1999
Hello, HAL
Three books examine the future of artificial intelligence and find the human brain is in trouble.6
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By COLIN McGINN
 THE AGE OF SPIRITUAL MACHINES When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence. By Ray Kurzweil. Illustrated. 388 pp. New York: Viking. $25.95.  ROBOT Mere Machine to Transcendent Mind. By Hans Moravec. Illustrated. 227 pp. New York: Oxford University Press. $25. WHEN THINGS START TO THINK By Neil Gershenfeld. Illustrated. 225 pp. New York: Henry Holt & Company. $25. |
as the invasion already begun? Are the aliens already right under our noses? Are machines, the products of human engineering intelligence, poised to take over the world -- or is this an irrational fear, the latest spasm of the Luddite spirit? Finally, is the whole idea just a clever marketing ploy for the investment-hungry artificial intelligence industry? Here we have three books, all written by experts in computer intelligence, aimed to persuade us that the Age of Machines is nigh. We are to be eclipsed by our own technology, ceding our outdated flesh, blood and neural tissue to integrated circuits and their mechanistic progeny. The future belongs to the robots.
The roots of this dystopian vision (or utopian, depending on yo
這三本書都為我們展示了人工智慧研究的最新進展，並對資訊時代我們可能的發展方向提出了一些令人深思的推測。在這三本書中，雷·庫茲韋爾的《精神機器時代》是最好的：它比漢斯·莫拉維克的《機器人：從單純的機器到超然心靈》和尼爾·格申菲爾德的《當事物開始思考時》更詳細、更深刻、解釋更清楚、文筆更引人入勝——儘管這三本書在普及方面都取得了值得稱讚的成績。
由於兩本書的內容大致相同，只是重點有所不同，因此庫茲韋爾的書能為您提供最有價值的內容。格申菲爾德的這本輕鬆閒聊式的書有時讀起來太像麻省理工學院媒體實驗室的廣告，他擔任實驗室的主任。他在利用電腦科技解決更多物理問題方面取得了許多成就，引起了許多討論（而且炒作得相當熱烈），例如電子書、智慧鞋、穿戴式電腦、科技增強型大提琴。
Zhè sān běnshū dōu wèi wǒmen zhǎnshìle réngōng zhìhuì yánjiū de zuìxīn jìnzhǎn, bìng duì zīxùn shídài wǒmen kěnéng de fāzhǎn fāngxiàng tíchūle yīxiē lìng rén shēnsī de tuīcè. Zài zhè sān běnshū zhōng, léi·kù zī wéi ěr de “jīngshén jīqì shídài” shì zuì hǎo de: Tā bǐ hàn sī·mò lā wéi kè de “jīqìrén: Cóng dānchún de jīqì dào chāorán xīnlíng” hé ní ěr·gé shēn fēi'ěrdé de “dāng shìwù kāishǐ sīkǎo shí” gèng xiángxì, gēng shēnkè, jiěshì gèng qīngchǔ, wénbǐ gèng yǐnrénrùshèng——jǐnguǎn zhè sān běnshū zài pǔjí fāngmiàn dōu qǔdéle zhídé chēngzàn de chéngjī.
Yóuyú liǎng běnshū de nèiróng dàzhì xiāngtóng, zhǐshì zhòngdiǎn yǒu suǒ bùtóng, yīncǐ kù zī wéi ěr de shū néng wéi nín tígōng zuì yǒu jiàzhí de nèiróng. Gé shēn fēi'ěrdé de zhè běn qīngsōng xiánliáo shì de shū yǒu shí dú qǐlái tài xiàng má shěng lǐgōng xuéyuàn méitǐ shíyàn shì de guǎnggào, tā dānrèn shíyàn shì de zhǔrèn. Tā zài lìyòng diànnǎo kējì jiějué gèng duō wùlǐ wèntí fāngmiàn qǔdéle xǔduō chéngjiù, yǐnqǐle xǔduō tǎolùn (érqiě chǎozuò dé xiāngdāng rèliè), lìrú diànzǐ shū, zhìhuì xié, chuāndài shì diànnǎo, kējì zēngqiáng xíng dàtíqín.
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All three of these books provide a vivid window on the state of the art in artificial intelligence research, and offer provocative speculations on where we might be heading as the information age advances. Of the three, ''The Age of Spiritual Machines,'' by Ray Kurzweil, is the best: it is more detailed, thoughtful, clearly explained and attractively written than ''Robot: Mere Machine to Transcendent Mind,'' by Hans Moravec, and ''When Things Start to Think,'' by Neil Gershenfeld -- though all three are creditable efforts at popularization.
Since the books cover much the same ground, with some difference of emphasis, Kurzweil's gives you the most bits for your buck. Gershenfeld's breezily chatty book sometimes reads too much like an advertisement for the Media Lab at M.I.T., of which he is director. There is much discussion (and not a little hype) of his many achievements in harnessing computer technology to more physical concerns: electronic books, smart shoes, wearable computers, technologically enhanced cellos.
莫拉維克的書更具思想冒險精神和自由精神，充滿了自信的未來主義推測。他設想了由機器人自主運作的行業，我們透過向這些產業徵稅來榨取它們的財富，並逐漸用機械後代——我們的「心靈孩子」——取代有機人類。一旦透過自然選擇創造出智慧，智慧的產物將勝過其創造者，並最終完全取代他們，這只是一個時間問題（以宇宙標準來看，這是一個非常短的時間）。這是一部精彩的鬧劇，是對可能的未來令人興奮又不安的一瞥。莫拉維克的弱點在於嘗試對機器意識和心靈的本質進行哲學討論。他寫了一些奇怪、混亂、難以理解的東西，認為意識是一種像數字一樣的抽象概念，也是對大腦活動的「解釋」。隨著他的推測逐漸變得語無倫次，他也失去了對虛擬實境和現實世界之間區別的把握。
Moravec's book is more intellectually adventurous and free with confident futuristic speculation. He envisages autonomous robot-run industries that we tax to siphon off their wealth, and the gradual replacement of organic humans with mechanical descendants -- our ''mind children.'' His vision is of a world in which machines are the next evolutionary step, with organic tissue but a blink in the eye of cosmic history. Once intelligence is created by natural selection it will be only a matter of time (a very short one by cosmic standards) before the products of intelligence outshine their creators, finally displacing them altogether. This is good knockabout stuff, a heady and unnerving glimpse into a possible future. Where Moravec is weak is in attempts at philosophical discussion of machine consciousness and the nature of mind. He writes bizarre, confused, incomprehensible things about consciousness as an abstraction, like number, and as a mere ''interpretation'' of brain activity. He also loses his grip on the distinction between virtual and real reality as his speculations spiral majestically into incoherence.
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