施特勞斯韋伯與科學的政治研究/
//Leo Strauss Max Weber and the Scientific Study ...
Simon
p.142/163/191/192
2010年7月15日 星期四
Edward Shils 是 H. A. SIMON 的恩人
Edward Shils 是 H. A. SIMON 的恩人 因為 Shihs 對SIMON的管理行為AB 第一版有書評 免得它完成被書海所掩沒
http://www.answers.com/topic/edward-shils
http://www.answers.com/topic/edward-shils
2010年7月14日 星期三
2010年7月12日 星期一
The New Leadership by Victor H. Vroom/Mary Follet 和 Max Weber
看來我寫信給SIMON說他的管理行為幾乎沒談 Leadership
似乎沒什道理他起碼引了
9780136150305): Victor H. Vroom, Arthur G. Jago: Books.
不過他的書的確沒引
Mary Follet 和 Max Weber
Victor Vroom
似乎沒什道理他起碼引了
Amazon.com: The New Leadership: Managing Participation in…
- [ 翻譯此頁 ]Amazon.com: The New Leadership: Managing Participation in Organizations (不過他的書的確沒引
Mary Follet 和 Max Weber
Victor Vroom
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Victor Vroom is a business school professor at the Yale School of Management, who was born on 9 August 1932 in Montreal, Canada. He holds a PhD from University of Michigan.
Vroom's primary research was on the expectancy theory of motivation, which attempts to explain why individuals choose to follow certain courses of action in organizations, particularly in decision-making and leadership. His most well-known books are Work and Motivation, Leadership and Decision Making and The New Leadership. Vroom has also been a consultant to a number of corporations such as GE and American Express.
Contents[hide] |
[edit] Expectancy Theory
 | It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Expectancy theory. (Discuss) |
Vroom's theory assumes that behavior results from conscious choices among alternatives whose purpose it is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. The key elements to this theory are referred to as Expectancy (E), Instrumentality (I), and Valence (V). Critical to the understanding of the theory is the understanding that each of these factors represents a belief.
The Expectancy Theory of Victor Vroom deals with motivation and management. Vroom's theory assumes that behavior results from conscious choices among alternatives whose purpose it is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. Together with Edward Lawler and Lyman Porter, Vroom suggested that the relationship between people's behavior at work and their goals was not as simple as was first imagined by other scientists. Vroom realized that an employee's performance is based on individuals factors such as personality, skills, knowledge, experience and abilities.
The expectancy theory says that individuals have different sets of goals and can be motivated if they believe that:
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- There is a positive correlation between efforts and performance,
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- Favorable performance will result in a desirable reward,
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- The reward will satisfy an important need,
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- The desire to satisfy the need is strong enough to make the effort worthwhile.
Vroom's Expectancy Theory is based upon the following three beliefs:
- Valence (Valence refers to the emotional orientations people hold with respect to outcomes [rewards]. The depth of the want of an employee for extrinsic [money, promotion, time-off, benefits] or intrinsic [satisfaction] rewards). Management must discover what employees value.
- Expectancy (Employees have different expectations and levels of confidence about what they are capable of doing). Management must discover what resources, training, or supervision employees need.
- Instrumentality (The perception of employees whether they will actually get what they desire even if it has been promised by a manager). Management must ensure that promises of rewards are fulfilled and that employees are aware of that.
Vroom suggests that an employee's beliefs about Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Valence interact psychologically to create a motivational force such that the employee acts in ways that bring pleasure and avoid pain. This force can be 'calculated' via the following formula: Motivation = Valance × Expectancy(Instrumentality). This formula can be used to indicate and predict such things as job satisfaction, one's occupational choice, the likelihood of staying in a job, and the effort one might expend at work.
Vroom's theory suggests that the individual will consider the outcomes associated with various levels of performance (from an entire spectrum of performance possibilities), and elect to pursue the level that generates the greatest reward for him or her.
Expectancy refers to the strength of a person's belief about whether or not a particular job performance is attainable. Assuming all other things are equal, an employee will be motivated to try a task, if he or she believes that it can be done. This expectancy of performance may be thought of in terms of probabilities ranging from zero (a case of "I can't do it!") to 1.0 ("I have no doubt whatsoever that I can do this job!")
A number of factors can contribute to an employee's expectancy perceptions:
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- the level of confidence in the skills required for the task
- the amount of support that may be expected from superiors and subordinates
- the quality of the materials and equipment
- the availability of pertinent information
Previous success at the task has also been shown to strengthen expectancy beliefs.
[edit] Instrumentality
e.g. "What's the probability that, if I do a good job, that there will be some kind of outcome in it for me?"
If an employee believes that a high level of performance will be instrumental for the acquisition of outcomes which may be gratifying, then the employee will place a high value on performing well. Vroom defines Instrumentality as a probability belief linking one outcome (a high level of performance, for example) to another outcome (a reward).
Instrumentality may range from a probability of 1.0 (meaning that the attainment of the second outcome — the reward — is certain if the first outcome — excellent job performance — is attained) through zero (meaning there is no likely relationship between the first outcome and the second). An example of zero instrumentality would be exam grades that were distributed randomly (as opposed to be awarded on the basis of excellent exam performance). Commission pay schemes are designed to make employees perceive that performance is positively instrumental for the acquisition of money.
For management to ensure high levels of performance, it must tie desired outcomes (positive valence) to high performance, and ensure that the connection is communicated to employees. The VIE theory holds that people have preferences among various outcomes. These preferences tend to reflect a person's underlying need state.
[edit] Valence
"Is the outcome I get of any value to me?"
The term Valence refers to the emotional orientations people hold with respect to outcomes (rewards). An outcome is positively valent if an employee would prefer having it to not having it. An outcome that the employee would rather avoid ( fatigue, stress, noise, layoffs) is negatively valent. Outcomes towards which the employee appears indifferent are said to have zero valence. Valences refer to the level of satisfaction people expect to get from the outcome (as opposed to the actual satisfaction they get once they have attained the reward).
Vroom suggests that an employee's beliefs about Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Valence interact psychologically to create a motivational force such that the employee acts in ways that bring pleasure and avoid pain.
People elect to pursue levels of job performance that they believe will maximize their overall best interests (their subjective expected utility).
There will be no motivational forces acting on an employee if any of these three conditions hold:
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- the person does not believe that he/she can successfully perform the required task
- the person believes that successful task performance will not be associated with positively valent outcomes
- the person believes that outcomes associated with successful task completion will be negatively valent (have no value for that person)
(Source: WILF H. RATZBURG British Columbia Institute of Technology)
[edit] Bibliography
Incomplete - to be updated
[edit] Articles
Vroom, Victor H.; Kenneth R. MacCrimmon (June 1968). "Toward a Stochastic Model of Managerial Careers". Administrative Science Quarterly 13 (1): 26–46.2010年7月1日 星期四
領導 團隊與理性: 紀念H. A. Simon與 Peter Scholtes (2011)
2010年6月30日星期三
領 導 團隊與理性: 紀念H. A. Simon與 Peter Scholtes (2011)
目 錄
序言（William Scherkenbach）
導 言（鍾漢清）
本書的主幹是我們在2001年6月15日和2010 年6月19日
分別為 H. A. Simon與 Peter Scholtes舉行紀念會
前者發表在《戴明國際交流暨評論》月刊 第一卷第四期
司馬賀先生(H. A. Simon)之 道：當然不打退堂鼓！--請教Simon
第一 部
當然不打退堂 鼓！--追 記「請教Simon」鍾漢清
從東海第七宿舍讀司馬賀先生談30年的緣份
草垛尋針、有限理性與行為
從《管理行為》中譯本記司馬賀先生之學術 成就
經濟學作為一種歷史科學 H. A. Simon作 鍾漢清摘譯
學習來教導與學習 H. A. Simon作 鍾漢清譯
訪問H. A. Simon教授談人工智能（AI）的愛恨情仇 鍾漢清譯
John Gauss 獎之受獎演說
認知科學與文學批評
附 錄 A. Huxley 談莎士比亞與宗教
hanching chung:Deming
Search Results 'hanching chung' found in 2 Issues
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