Three fundamental beliefs guide Stanford’s new Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, co-directed by John Etchemendy and Fei-Fei Li : #AI technology should be inspired by human intelligence; the development of AI must be guided by its human impact; and applications of AI should enhance and augment humans, not replace them.
352 of the world’s leading researchers in artificial intelligence filled out a survey about when they think artificial intelligence would be better and cheaper than humans at a variety of tasks. Here are the results.
“Old Mother Hubbard" from NURSERY RHYMES, published by Samuel Gabriel Sons & Company, New York (“Linenette” series, No. 471). Artist is unattributed, and there is no publication date (probably about 1940).
When Old Mother Hubbard went to her cupboard, as the nursery rhyme says, she found ... Do scientists in Artificial Intelligence make more experiments, whereas ...
Simon 教授受訪時提到Old Mother Hubbard童歌。在 【人工科學】一書中，只提cupboard，沒說文化背景。
我書翻成之後，跟他說，只剩這地方看不懂。他才告訴我Old Mother Hubbard 的故事。
In the late Middle Ages a cupboard, as its spelling might suggest, was a board, or table, on which you displayed cups, plates, and other pieces of crockery. We would now call this a sideboard. The modern meaning of cupboard emerged in the 16th century.
◆Old Mother Hubbard/Went to the cupboard，/To fetch her poor dog a bone；/But when she came there/The cupboard was bare/And so the poor dog had none.〈Mother Goose〉より
skeleton noun[C] 1the frame of bones supporting a human or animal body: We found an old sheep skeleton up on the cliffs. FIGURATIVEHer long illness reduced her to a skeleton (= made her very thin). See picture .
2the most basic form or structure of something: The skeleton of my book is written/My book is in skeleton form - now I just have to add the details.
skeleton in the/your cupboard/closet an embarrassing secret: Most families have one or two skeletons in the cupboard.
A skeleton in the closet
Meaning A secret source of shame, potentially ruinous if exposed, which a person or family makes efforts to conceal. Origin The phrase 'a skeleton in the closet' was coined in England in the 19th century. Since then the word closet has become used primarily in England to mean 'water closet', i.e. lavatory - a possible hiding place for a skeleton I suppose, but not one with much potential. The English now usually use 'a skeleton in the cupboard', with 'skeleton in the closet' more common in the USA. 'A skeleton in the closet' undoubtedly originated as an allusion to an apparently irreproachable person or family having a guilty secret waiting to be uncovered. The close-at-hand domestic imagery of a closet or cupboard gives a sense of the ever-present risk of discovery. What isn't clear is whether the origin of the phrase lies in fiction or with real life, so to speak, skeletons. The phrase was first used in the early 1800s. The first reference I can find in print is a figurative one in a piece by William Hendry Stowell, in the UK monthly periodical The Eclectic Review, 1816. The 'skeleton' in this case was the desire to keep a hereditary disease secret:
Two great sources of distress are the danger of contagion and the apprehension of hereditary diseases. The dread of being the cause of misery to posterity has prevailed over men to conceal the skeleton in the closet...
The dramatic device of a hidden body was used widely in the Gothic novels of the Victorian period. Edgar Allen Poe was the master of such tales, for example, this extract from The Black Cat, 1845 :
"Gentlemen, I delight to have allayed your suspicions", and here, through the mere frenzy of bravado, I rapped heavily upon that very portion of the brick-work behind which stood the corpse of the wife of my bosom. The wall fell bodily. The corpse, already greatly decayed, stood erect before the eyes of the spectators.
It has been suggested that the phrase derives from the era of the notorious body snatchers, i.e. prior to 1832, when the UK's Anatomy Act allowed the more extensive use of corpses for medical research. The theory goes that, in a scenario like that of the concealment of Catholic priests in priest holes in domestic houses in Elizabethan England, doctors would conceal in cupboards the illegally held skeletons they used for teaching. There's no evidence at all to corroborate that theory. Concealed skeletons are occasionally found walled-up in houses but they are usually those of unwanted infants. The notion of a skeleton in the closet as shorthand for the grim evidence of a murder was widely adopted into the language due to the writings of the popular Victorian author William Makepeace Thackeray. He referred to 'a skeleton in every house' in a piece in 1845 and explicitly to 'skeletons in closets' in The Newcomes; memoirs of a most respectable family, 1854–55:
Some particulars regarding the Newcome family, which will show us that they have a skeleton or two in their closets, as well as their neighbours.
Whether Thackeray was alluding to actual skeletons or whether he was responding to the imagination of authors like Poe, we are never likely to know. One person he certainly wasn't referring to was the 18th/19th century philosopher Jeremy Bentham - despite his being the best-known actual skeleton in a cupboard. Bentham was hardly aiming to keep his skeleton a secret, as he willed that his body be preserved in a wooden cabinet. It is on public display in University College, London. The American expressions 'come out of the closet' or simply 'come out' began to be used in the 1960s and are, of course, direct follow-ons from 'a skeleton in the closet'. As far as I'm aware, no one in the UK has declared themselves as gay by coming out of a cupboard.
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Whether Thackeray was alluding to actual skeletons or whether he was responding to the imagination of authors like Poe, we are never likely to know. One person he certainly wasn't referring to was the 18th/19th century philosopher Jeremy Bentham - despite his being the best-known actual skeleton in a cupboard. Bentham was hardly aiming to keep his skeleton a secret, as he willed that his body be preserved in a wooden cabinet. It is on public display in University College, London.
覺得懷舊。
