2009年1月16日 星期五

heuristic

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1. on Page 13:
"... an order for us to discover. Thus, while Borges's is an ordered search through a chaotic world, Simon's is a heuristic search through an ordered, if complicated , world. ..."
2. on Page 15:
"... guided only by rough heuristic lessons drawn from experience. Borges's library is an allegory as well, but whereas Simon depicts a strangely ordered world and ..."
3. on Page 50:
"... integrated with each other in a hierarchy of values and in a sequence of decisions-in "courses of action;' "strategies," "algorithms," "heuristics;" and "programs; ..."
4. on Page 177:
"... Simon, like others, also used the term model in a second way, thinking of models as heuristics, as opposed to representations of concrete systems. While concrete system models are intended to represent the essential features of a ..."
5. on Page 178:
"... theory , productive of so many powerful concrete system models, that it has become the root of a number of heuristic models, ..."
6. on Page 179:
"... Islands of Theory 179 The basic heuristic model related to Simon's theory of authority, circa 1950, comprised three basic ideas: first, that humans are plastic; second, that ..."
7. on Page 186:
"... program and of simulation, not to mention his intellectual soul mate, Allen Newell. Together, Simon and Newell would develop the heuristic model at the heart of postwar psychology-that of homo adaptivus, ..."
8. on Page 193:
"... adaptation was fairly loose. Now, Simon began to believe that evolutionary adaptation, understood in terms of ultrastability, might provide the heuristic model that could unite the sciences of choice and control. ..."
9. on Page 216:
"instruments... They can serve functions similar to what George Lakoff and Mark Johnson have called "generative metaphors", and which I have called heuristic models, for they organize experience.2 Instruments, models, and metaphors can be vehicles for bringing disparate fields together, serving as the ..."
10. on Page 218:
"... whose book How to Solve It introduced him to the concept of heuristics in problem-solving. Newell then went to Princeton in 1949 to study mathematics with John von Neumann and Alonzo Church. He ..."




heu・ris・tic


━━ a. 発見[学習]を助ける; (生徒に)自分で発見させる.
━━ n. 【コンピュータ】ヒューリスティック, 発見的方法.
heu・ris・ti・cal・ly ━━ ad.
heuristic learning 【コンピュータ】発見的学習法.
heuristic method 【コンピュータ】発見的方法.
heuristic program 【コンピュータ】発見的プログラム.
heuristic rules 【コンピュータ】発見的規則.
heu・ris・tics ━━ n. 発見的指導法.

adj.
  1. Of or relating to a usually speculative formulation serving as a guide in the investigation or solution of a problem: “The historian discovers the past by the judicious use of such a heuristic device as the ‘ideal type’” (Karl J. Weintraub).
  2. Of or constituting an educational method in which learning takes place through discoveries that result from investigations made by the student.
  3. Computer Science. Relating to or using a problem-solving technique in which the most appropriate solution of several found by alternative methods is selected at successive stages of a program for use in the next step of the program.
n.
  1. A heuristic method or process.
  2. heuristics (used with a sing. verb) The study and application of heuristic methods and processes.

[From Greek heuriskein, to find.]

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